At present, the practical FEC technologies for SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) and DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) are mainly as follows:

In-band FEC. In-band FEC is supported by the ITU-T G.707 standard. The supervised symbols of the FEC code are loaded using a portion of the overhead bytes in the SDH frame. The coding gain is small (3-4dB).

Out-of-band FEC. Out-of-band FEC is supported by the ITU-T G.975/709 standard. The out-of-band FEC has large coding redundancy, strong error correction capability, strong flexibility, and high coding gain (5-6dB).

Enhanced FEC (EFEC). Enhanced FEC is mainly used in optical communication systems where delay requirements are not strict and coding gain requirements are particularly high. Although the encoding and decoding process of EFEC is more complicated and less applicable at present, due to its performance advantages, it will develop into a practical technology and become the mainstream of the next generation of out-of-band FEC.

Features

FEC reduces the number of transmission errors, extends the operating range, and reduces the power requirements for communications systems. FEC also increases the effective systems throughput, even with the extra check bits added to the data bits, by eliminating the need to re-transmit data corrupted by random noise.

FEC independently increases the reliability of data at the receiver. Within a system context, FEC becomes an enabling technology that the system designer can use in several ways. The most obvious advantage of using FEC is with respect to power-limited systems. Through the use of higher-order signaling, however, bandwidth limitations also can be addressed. In many wireless systems, the allowable transmitter power is limited. These limitations can be brought on by adherence to a standard or to practical considerations. FEC makes it possible to transmit at much higher data rates if additional bandwidth is available.

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